Positron annihilation spectroscopy
News
4 May | 2019 | First demonstration of antimatter wave interferometry It is the first version made with antimatter of the single particle interference experiment proposed by A. Einstein in 1927 and R. Feynman, for one of his famous lectures, and realized in 1976 by Merli, Missiroli and Pozzi, and in 1989 by A. Tonomura et al. This work has appeared on Science Advances and was realized by a collaboration that includes the Positron Laboratory of the Politecnico di Milano L-NESS in Como, where the experiment was performed. The others participating institutions are INFN (Milan unit), Università degli Studi di Milano, Università di Napoli Federico II and AEC & LHEP of the University of Bern. This is the first step of the QUPLAS (QUantum interferometry and gravity with Positrons and LASers) program. Link: https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/5/eaav7610 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav7610 |
2 March | 2015 | The Positron Group has published (PNAS magazine) an advanced study on amorphous indium-gallium-zinc-oxide (IGZO) semiconductors in collaboration with the Group of Tobin Marks and Antonio Facchetti of the Northwestern University. In this work is demonstrated that the new coating technique, spray-combustion synthesis (SCS), produces IGZO films at low temperatures and in shorter times compared to the conventional sputtering technique. The properties of the IGZO films made by SCS, such as thickness, densification, nanoporosity, electron mobility, trap densities and bias stress stability, are at the same level of the sputtered films. It also determines the conditions of density and porosity that allow films with a good performance. Thin film transistors (TFT) IGZO has 50× higher electron mobility than amorphous silicon, which has often been used in displays (for smartphones, tablets, PCs, TVs, etc.). As a result, IGZO-TFT can improve the speed, resolution and size of flat-panel displays. It is thus considered to be one of the most promising TFT for use in organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays. |
28 July | 2014 | The AEgIS collaboration at CERN has demonstrated a method to measure a very small deflection of an antimatter beam (smaller than the thickness of a human hair). The method has been tested by measuring the deviation of an antiproton beam (with the participation of a the Positron annihilation spectroscopy group). The research is published in Nature Communications. |
24 Jul | 2012 | The Positron Group has published an advanced study on Hybrid Solar Cells in collaboration with the IIT (Italian Institute of Technology).
Hybrid solar cells are a combination of organic and inorganic materials. This new generation of thin-film is based on a very favourable price/performance ratio and the possibility to manufacture flexible and large-area modules. Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy using a variable-energy positron beam has been employed for the first time in this field in order to obtain depth-resolved data to study the infiltration of a conductive polymer (P3HT) into a mesoporous skeleton of titania. It has been possible to understand the reason of the improvement the device performance by engineering the hybrid interface using an inexpensive and transparent interlayer (4-mercaptopyridine). |
14 Apr | 2011 | Così faremo volare davvero la nave di Star Trek da Como (in Italian) - video |
People
- Rafael Omar Ferragut, group leader
- Valerio Toso, PhD student
Former group members
- Alfredo Dupasquier, scientific advisor
- Fabio Moia, researcher
- Marina Iglesias
- Alberto Calloni, PhD student
- Gaia Tosi, undergraduate student
- Stefano Aghion, Postdoc
- Craig Evans, PhD student
Simulations and supporting calculations
Thesis subjects
We currently offers the follow thesis topics:
- Positronium formation for antimatter production at the CERN laboratory (AEgIS)
- Study of defects in thin films (semiconductors and other materials)
Contact Rafael Ferragut.
The speciality of the positron laboratory is the analysis of lattice defects in structural or functional materials. The main techniques adopted in this laboratory are based on positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS), in two variants: lifetime spectroscopy (LS) and Doppler broadening spectroscopy (DBS).
LS gives information on the time of survival of positrons implanted into the sample. This can be directly related to the electron density at the annihilation site, making LS an ideal tool for the study of the concentration and of the size of open volume defects present in the sample.
DBS gives information on the momentum distribution of the electron-positron pair at the annihilation site, which contains contributions coming from annihilations with valence and core electrons. When a positron is trapped at a lattice defect, the core electron contribution allows us to reconstruct the chemical composition of the environment of the defect itself.
Research
- Defects in semiconductor thin layers
- Positronium formation in porous materials
- Precipitation hardening of light alloys
Defects in semiconductor thin layers
Positrons are sensitive to defects associated with threading dislocations generated during the epitaxial growth of semiconductor materials on a substrate with a different lattice parameter. A reduction of the threading dislocation density is expected for thin SiGe layers deposited on top of an even thinner silicon layer, bonded on silicon oxide (silicon-on-insulator, SOI), which insulates it both mechanically and electrically from the thick Si wafer mechanically sustaining the layer stack. Defect concentration might be reduced by the elastic deformation of the silicon substrate or by the migration of dislocations from the interface to the oxide layer. Our results show that an increment of the relaxation degree in the overlayer is accompanied by the formation of Ge-rich point defects in the SiGe layer.
Our interests also comprise the study of GaN layers grown on sapphire substrates. Positrons have been recently used to identify the gallium vacancy as the main defect responsible for the observed GaN yellow luminescence. Defects in such materials act as charge compensating centers and are closely related to impurities or dopants introduced into the layers. Our purpose is to investigate the influence of the growth conditions on impurity incorporation and vacancy formation.
Positronium formation in porous materials
Positronium is an “atom” made of a positron and an electron. There is no nucleus, but the two particles rotate one around the other. Positronium is formed with very high efficiency in soft matter and insulators and it is used nowadays in the study of porous materials for microelectronics (low-k dielectrics), of phase transformations in polymers and in general in the growing field of nano-structured materials. Our efforts are concentrated on the selection of an appropriate material to be used as a positronium converter in the AEgIS (Antimatter Experiment: Gravity, Interferometry, Spectroscopy) experiment at CERN. The ambitious goal of the aforementioned experiment is to measure the gravitational acceleration of antihydrogen atoms formed by the change exchange reaction between a positronium atom and an antiproton produced by CERN's antiproton decelerator.
Precipitation hardening of light alloys
Hardening in selected aluminum and magnesium alloys (2000/7000 series aluminum alloys and WE Mg-Rare earths magnesium alloys) is accomplished by controlling the precipitation kinetics of small particles which impede dislocation motion during plastic deformation. Precipitation mechanisms often involve solute interactions with vacancies during aging: positrons can thus be used to monitor the formation of precipitate precursors made of a few atoms at a such an early stage that hardly any other technique can give the same reliable information. Positrons are also sensitive to open spaces created by the loss of coherence between the precipitates and the host matrix at later stages of the precipitation process. DBS has been used to identify the chemical species of the atoms which surround the vacancies and to study their evolution during aging. Complementary information has been sought by performing small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments at international synchrotron facilities.
Experimental results have been reproduced and interpreted by means of very sophisticated ab-initio first principles simulations. Our theoretical inquiry has then continued to the complete three dimensional reconstruction of precipitate precursors in aluminum based alloys.
Facilities
Slow positron spectrometers
Slow positron beam. Parts: 1. Radioactive source; 2. Electrostatic optics; 3. Sample chamber; 4. HpGe detectors; 5. Cryostat; 6. High voltage protection cage; 7. Power suppliers; 8. Detector electronics.
Slow positron measurements are performed by moderating positrons emitted by an 50 mCi sealed radioactive source and then implanting them into the sample with a kinetic energy ranging from few eV to 20 keV. The positron implantation depth is a few microns, depending on the sample density.
The positron beam is equipped with HpGe detectors for momentum distribution measurements, which can be operated in both single and coincidence mode. Samples are kept in high vacuum (~10-9 mbar) and their temperature can be varied from 10 to 1000 K. The slow positron beam has been calibrated for positronium fraction measurements.
Fast positron spectrometers
Positron lifetime spectrometer. Parts: 1. Scintillators and photomultipliers; 2. Sample; 3. Liquid nitrogen Dewar; 4. Detector electronics.
Fast positrons are obtained by the radioactive decay of a 22Na sealed radioactive source sandwiched between two identical samples. Positrons are emitted from the source with an high energy (22Na has a positron endpoint energy of 540 keV) and sampled several hundred microns from the surface of the specimen.
Our laboratory is equipped with two analog gamma ray spectrometers for PL measurements with a time resolution of about 240 ps. The gamma spectrometers are fast scintillators (BaF and plastic scintillators) coupled with photomultipliers. DBS is performed by means of two HpGe detectors with an energy resolution of about 1.2 keV on the annihilation line. The two detectors are coupled with a multi-parametric pulse analyzer which allows for coincidence measurements at a very high signal to noise ratio. Samples can be measured at room temperature or at liquid nitrogen temperature. High vacuum measurements can also be performed.
Publications
- F. Isa, J. A. Schmidt, S. Aghion, E. Napolitani, G. Isella, and R. Ferragut: Hole and positron interaction with vacancies and p-type dopants in epitaxially grown silicon, J. Appl. Phys. 135, 165704 (2024).
- L. Anzi, A. Ariga, A. Ereditato, R. Ferragut, M. Giammarchi, G. Maero, C. Pistillo, M. Romé, P. Scampoli, and V. Toso: Sensitivity of emulsion detectors to low energy positrons, J. Instrumentation 15, P03027 (2020).
- N. Pacifico, S. Aghion, J. Alozy, C. Amsler, A. Ariga, T. Ariga, G. Bonomi, P. Bräunig, J. Bremer, R. S. Brusa, L. Cabaret, M. Caccia, M. Campbell, R. Caravita, F. Castelli, G. Cerchiari, K. Chlouba, S. Cialdi, D. Comparat, G. Consolati, A. Demetrio, L. Di Noto, M. Doser, A. Dudarev, A. Ereditato, C. Evans, R. Ferragut, J. Fesel, A. Fontana, S. Gerber, M. Giammarchi, A. Gligorova, F. Guatieri, S. Haider, H. Holmestad, T. Huse, E. Jordan, A. Kellerbauer, M. Kimura, D. Krasnickýl, V. Lagomarsino, P. Lansonneur, G. Lawler, P. Lebrun, X. Llopart, C. Malbrunot, S. Mariazzi, L. Marx, V. Matveev, Z. Mazzotta, G. Nebbia, P. Nedelec, M. Oberthaler, D. Pagano, L. Penasa, V. Petracek, C. Pistillo, F. Prelz, M. Prevedelli, L. Ravelli, L. Resch, O. M. Rohne, A. Rotondi, M. Sacerdoti, H. Sandaker, R. Santoro, P. Scampoli, L. Smestad, F. Sorrentino, M. Spacek, J. Storey, I. M. Strojek, G. Testera, I. Tietje, L. Tlustos, E. Widmann, P. Yzombard, S. Zavatarelli, J. Zmeskal, and N. Zurlo: Direct detection of antiprotons with the Timepix3 in a new electrostatic selection beamline, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Rev. A 831, 12 (2016).
- S. Aghion, A. Ariga, T. Ariga, M. Bollani, E. Dei Cas, A. Ereditato, C. Evans, R. Ferragut, M. Giammarchi, C. Pistillo, M. Romé, S. Sala, and P. Scampoli: Detection of low energy antimatter with emulsions, J. Instrumentation 11, P06017 (2016).
- M. Kimura, S. Aghion, C. Amsler, A. Ariga, T. Ariga, A. Belov, G. Bonomi, P. Bräunig, J. Bremer, R. S. Brusa, L. Cabaret, M. Caccia, R. Caravita, F. Castelli, G. Cerchiari, K. Chlouba, S. Cialdi, D. Comparat, G. Consolati, A. Demetrio, H. Derking, L. Di Noto, M. Doser, A. Dudarev, A. Ereditato, R. Ferragut, A. Fontana, S. Gerber, M. Giammarchi, A. Gligorova, S. N. Gninenko, S. Haider, H. Holmestad, T. Huse, E. J. Jordan, J. Kawada, A. Kellerbauer, D. Krasnický, V. Lagomarsino, S. Lehner, C. Malbrunot, S. Mariazzi, V. Matveev, Z. Mazzotta, G. Nebbia, P. Nédélec, M. Oberthaler, N. Pacifico, D. Pagano, L. Penasa, V. Petráček, C. Pistillo, F. Prelz, M. Prevedelli, L. Ravelli, C. Riccardi, O. M. Rohne, S. Rosenberger, A. Rotondi, M. Sacerdoti, H. Sandaker, R. Santoro, P. Scampoli, F. Sorrentino, M. Spacek, I. M. Strojek, J. Storey, M. Subieta, G. Testera, E. Widmann, P. Yzombard, S. Zavatarelli, and J. Zmeskal: Testing the Weak Equivalence Principle with an antimatter beam at CERN, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 631, 012047 (2015).
- X. Yu, J. Smith, N. Zhou, L. Zeng, P. Guo, Y. Xia, A. Alvarez, S. Aghion, H. Lin, J. Yu, R. P. H. Chang, M. J. Bedzyk, R. Ferragut, T. J. Marks, and A. Facchetti: Spray-combustion synthesis: Efficient solution route to high-performance oxide transistors, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 112, 3217 (2015).
- S. Aghion, O. Ahlén, C. Amsler, A. Ariga, T. Ariga, A. S. Belov, K. Berggren, G. Bonomi, P. Bräunig, J. Bremer, R. S. Brusa, L. Cabaret, C. Canali, R. Caravita, F. Castelli, G. Cerchiari, S. Cialdi, D. Comparat, G. Consolati, H. Derking, S. Di Domizio, L. Di Noto, M. Doser, A. Dudarev, A. Ereditato, R. Ferragut, A. Fontana, P. Genova, M. Giammarchi, A. Gligorova, S. N. Gninenko, S. Haider, T. Huse, E. Jordan, L. V. Jorgensen, T. Kaltenbacher, J. Kawada, A. Kellerbauer, M. Kimura, A. Knecht, D. Krasnický, V. Lagomarsino, S. Lehner, A. Magnani, C. Malbrunot, S. Mariazzi, V. A. Matveev, F. Moia, G. Nebbia, P. Nédélec, M. K. Oberthaler, N. Pacifico, V. Petràček, C. Pistillo, F. Prelz, M. Prevedelli, C. Regenfus, C. Riccardi, O. Rohne, A. Rotondi, H. Sandaker, P. Scampoli, J. Storey, M. S. Vasquez, M. Špaček, G. Testera, R. Vaccarone, E. Widmann, S. Zavatarelli, and J. Zmeskal: A Moiré deflectometer for antimatter, Nature Communications 5, 4538 (2014).
- P. Scampoli, S. Aghion, O. Ahlén, C. Amsler, A. Ariga, T. Ariga, A. S. Belov, K. Berggren, G. Bonomi, P. Bräunig, J. Bremer, R. S. Brusa, L. Cabaret, M. Caccia, C. Canali, R. Caravita, F. Castelli, G. Cerchiari, S. Cialdi, D. Comparat, G. Consolati, H. Derking, S. Di Domizio, L. Di Noto, M. Doser, A. Dudarev, A. Ereditato, R. Ferragut, A. Fontana, P. Genova, M. Giammarchi, A. Gligorova, S. N. Gninenko, S. Haider, T. Huse, E. Jordan, L. V. Jorgensen, T. Kaltenbacher, J. Kawada, A. Kellerbauer, M. Kimura, A. Knecht, D. Krasnický, V. Lagomarsino, S. Lehner, C. Malbrunot, S. Mariazzi, V. A. Matveev, F. Moia, G. Nebbia, P. Nédélec, M. K. Oberthaler, N. Pacifico, V. Petráček, C. Pistillo, F. Prelz, M. Prevedelli, C. Regenfus, C. Riccardi, O. Rohne, A. Rotondi, H. Sandaker, J. Storey, M. A. Subieta Vasquez, M. Špaček, G. Testera, E. Wildmann, S. Zavatarelli, and J. Zmeskal: Development of nuclear emulsions operating in vacuum for the AEgIS experiment, J. Instrumentation 9, C01061 (2014).
- R. Ferragut, S. Aghion, G. Tosi, G. Consolati, F. Quasso, M. Longhi, A. Galarneau, and F. Di Renzo: Positronium production in engineered porous silica, J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 26703 (2013).
- G. Consolati, R. Ferragut, A. Galarneau, F. Di Renzo, and F. Quasso: Mesoporous materials for antihydrogen production, Chem. Soc. Rev. 42, 3821 (2013).
- S. Aghion, R. Ferragut, F. Moia, M. P. Petkov, and S. M. Jones: Production and thermalization of positronium in homogeneous porous silica, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 443, 012064 (2013).
- R. Ferragut, S. Aghion, F. Moia, M. Binda, E. V. Canesi, G. Lanzani, and A. Petrozza: Infiltration and selective interactions at the interface in polymer-oxide hybrid solar cells, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 443, 012051 (2013).
- D. Krasnický, S. Aghion, C. Amsler, A. Ariga, T. Ariga, A. S. Belov, G. Bonomi, P. Bräunig, R. S. Brusa, J. Bremer, G. Burghart, L. Cabaret, M. Caccia, C. Canali, R. Caravita, F. Castelli, G. Cerchiari, S. Cialdi, D. Comparat, G. Consolati, L. Dassa, S. Di Domizio, L. Di Noto, M. Doser, A. Dudarev, A. Ereditato, R. Ferragut, A. Fontana, P. Genova, M. Giammarchi, A. Gligorova, S. N. Gninenko, S. D. Hogan, S. Haider, E. Jordan, L. V. Jorgensen, T. Kaltenbacher, J. Kawada, A. Kellerbauer, M. Kimura, V. Lagomarsino, S. Mariazzi, V. A. Matveev, F. Merkt, F. Moia, G. Nebbia, P. Nédélec, M. K. Oberthaler, N. Pacifico, V. Petráček, C. Pistillo, F. Prelz, M. Prevedelli, C. Regenfus, C. Riccardi, O. Rohne, A. Rotondi, H. Sandaker, P. Scampoli, J. Storey, M. A. Subieta Vasquez, M. Špaček, G. Testera, R. Vaccarone, F. Villa, and S. Zavatarelli: AEgIS experiment commissioning at CERN, AIP Conf. Proc. 1521, 144 (2013).
- S. Aghion, O. Ahlén, C. Amsler, A. Ariga, T. Ariga, A. S. Belov, G. Bonomi, P. Bräunig, J. Bremer, R. S. Brusa, L. Cabaret, C. Canali, R. Caravita, F. Castelli, G. Cerchiari, S. Cialdi, D. Comparat, G. Consolati, J. H. Derking, S. Di Domizio, L. Di Noto, M. Doser, A. Dudarev, A. Ereditato, R. Ferragut, A. Fontana, P. Genova, M. Giammarchi, A. Gligorova, S. N. Gninenko, S. Haider, J. Harasimovicz, S. D. Hogan, T. Huse, E. Jordan, L. V. Jorgensen, T. Kaltenbacher, J. Kawada, A. Kellerbauer, M. Kimura, A. Knecht, D. Krasnický, V. Lagomarsino, A. Magnani, S. Mariazzi, V. A. Matveev, F. Moia, G. Nebbia, P. Nédélec, M. K. Oberthaler, N. Pacifico, V. Petráček, C. Pistillo, F. Prelz, M. Prevedelli, C. Regenfus, C. Riccardi, O. Rohne, A. Rotondi, H. Sandaker, P. Scampoli, A. Sosa, J. Storey, M. A. Subieta Vasquez, M. Špaček, G. Testera, D. Trezzi, R. Vaccarone, C. P. Welsch, and S. Zavatarelli: Prospects for measuring the gravitational free-fall of antihydrogen with emulsion detectors, J. Instrumentation 8, P08013 (2013).
- M. Kimura, S. Aghion, O. Ahlén, C. Amsler, A. Ariga, T. Ariga, A. S. Belov, G. Bonomi, P. Bräunig, J. Bremer, R. S. Brusa, G. Burghart, L. Cabaret, C. Canali, R. Caravita, F. Castelli, G. Cerchiari, S. Cialdi, D. Comparat, G. Consolati, S. Di Domizio, L. Di Noto, M. Doser, A. Dudarev, A. Ereditato, R. Ferragut, A. Fontana, P. Genova, M. Giammarchi, A. Gligorova, S. N. Gninenko, S. Haider, S. D. Hogan, T. Huse, E. Jordan, L. V. Jorgensen, T. Kaltenbacher, J. Kawada, A. Kellerbauer, A. Knecht, D. Krasnický, V. Lagomarsino, S. Mariazzi, V. A. Matveev, F. Merkt, F. Moia, G. Nebbia, P. Nédélec, M. K. Oberthaler, N. Pacifico, V. Petráček, C. Pistillo, F. Prelz, M. Prevedelli, C. Regenfus, C. Riccardi, O. Rohne, A. Rotondi, H. Sandaker, P. Scampoli, J. Storey, M. A. Subieta Vasquez, M. Špaček, G. Testera, D. Trezzi, R. Vaccarone, and S. Zavatarelli: Development of nuclear emulsions with 1 μm spatial resolution for the AEgIS experiment, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Rev. A 732, 325 (2013).
- J. Storey, C. Canali, S. Aghion, O. Ahlén, C. Amsler, A. Ariga, T. Ariga, A. S. Belov, G. Bonomi, P. Bräunig, J. Bremer, R. S. Brusa, G. Burghart, L. Cabaret, M. Carante, R. Caravita, F. Castelli, G. Cerchiari, S. Cialdi, D. Comparat, G. Consolati, S. Di Domizio, L. Di Noto, M. Doser, A. Dudarev, A. Ereditato, R. Ferragut, A. Fontana, P. Genova, M. Giammarchi, A. Gligorova, S. N. Gninenko, S. Haider, S. D. Hogan, T. Huse, E. Jordan, L. V. Jorgensen, T. Kaltenbacher, J. Kawada, A. Kellerbauer, M. Kimura, A. Knecht, D. Krasnický, V. Lagomarsino, A. Magnani, S. Mariazzi, V. A. Matveev, F. Merkt, F. Moia, G. Nebbia, P. Nédélec, M. K. Oberthaler, N. Pacifico, V. Petráček, C. Pistillo, F. Prelz, M. Prevedelli, C. Regenfus, C. Riccardi, O. Rohne, A. Rotondi, H. Sandaker, P. Scampoli, M. A. Subieta Vasquez, M. Špaček, G. Testera, D. Trezzi, R. Vaccarone, and S. Zavatarelli: Particle tracking at 4 K: The Fast Annihilation Cryogenic Tracking (FACT) detector for the AEgIS antimatter gravity experiment, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Rev. A 732, 437 (2013).
- M. G. Giammarchi, A. S. Belov, G. Bonomi, R. S. Brusa, V. M. Byakov, L. Cabaret, C. Canali, C. Carraro, F. Castelli, S. Cialdi, D. Comparat, G. Consolati, N. Djourelov, M. Doser, G. Drobychev, A. Dudarev, A. Dupasquier, D. Fabris, R. Ferragut, G. Ferrari, A. Fischer, A. Fontana, M. G. Giammarchi, S. N. Gninenko, R. Heyne, S. D. Hogan, L. V. Jorgensen, A. Kellerbauer, D. Krasnicky, V. Lagomarsino, S. Mariazzi, V. A. Matveev, F. Merkt, G. Morhard, G. Nebbia, P. Nedelec, M. K. Oberthaler, D. Perini, V. Petracek, M. Prevedelli, C. Riccardi, O. Rohne, A. Rotondi, M. Sacerdoti, H. Sandaker, D. Sillou, S. V. Stepanov, H. H. Stroke, G. Testera, D. Trezzi, A. V. Turbanin, G. Viesti, F. Villa, U. Warring, S. Zavatarelli, A. Zenoni, and D. S. Zvezhinskij: AEGIS at CERN: Measuring antihydrogen fall, Few-Body Syst. 54, 779 (2013).
- E. V. Canesi, M. Binda, A. Abate, S. Guarnera, L. Moretti, V. D'Innocenzo, R. S. S. Kumar, C. Bertarelli, A. Abrusci, H. Snaith, A. Calloni, A. Brambilla, F. Ciccacci, S. Aghion, F. Moia, R. Ferragut, C. Melis, G. Malloci, A. Mattoni, G. Lanzani, and A. Petrozza: The effect of selective interactions at the interface of polymer--oxide hybrid solar cells, Energy Environ. Sci. 5, 9068 (2012).
- A. Calloni, R. Ferragut, A. Dupasquier, H. von Känel, A. Guiller, A. Rutz, L. Ravelli, and W. Egger: Characterization of vacancy-type defects in heteroepitaxial GaN grown by low-energy plasma-enhanced vapor phase epitaxy, J. Appl. Phys. 112, 024510 (2012).
- R. Ferragut: Atomic fraction around defects associated with nanoparticles in Al--Cu--Mg alloys, Physica B 407, 2676 (2012).
- F. Moia, R. Ferragut, A. Dupasquier, G. Giammarchi, and G. Q. Ding: Thermal production of positronium in porous alumina, Eur. Phys. J. D 66, 124 (2012).
- M. Doser, C. Amsler, A. Belov, G. Bonomi, P. Bräunig, J. Bremer, R. Brusa, G. Burkhart, L. Cabaret, C. Canali, F. Castelli, K. Chlouba, S. Cialdi, D. Comparat, G. Consolati, L. Di Noto, A. Donzella, A. Dudarev, T. Eisel, R. Ferragut, G. Ferrari, A. Fontana, P. Genova, M. Giammarchi, A. Gligorova, S. Gninenko, S. Haider, J. P. Hansen, S. Hogan, L. Jorgensen, T. Kaltenbacher, A. Kellerbauer, D. Krasnicky, V. Lagomarsino, S. Mariazzi, V. Matveev, F. Merkt, F. Moia, G. Nebbia, P. Nedelec, M. Oberthaler, D. Perini, V. Petracek, F. Prelz, M. Prevedelli, C. Regenfus, C. Riccardi, O. Rohne, A. Rotondi, M. Sacerdoti, H. Sandaker, M. Spacek, J. Storey, G. Testera, A. Tokareva, D. Trezzi, R. Vaccarone, F. Villa, Z. Zavatarelli, and A. Zenoni: Exploring the WEP with a pulsed cold beam of antihydrogen, Class. Quantum Grav. 29, 184009 (2012).
- A. Kellerbauer, Y. Allkofer, C. Amsler, A. Belov, G. Bonomi, P. Bräunig, J. Bremer, R. Brusa, G. Burghart, L. Cabaret, C. Canali, F. Castelli, K. Chlouba, S. Cialdi, D. Comparat, G. Consolati, L. Dassa, L. Di Noto, A. Donzella, M. Doser, A. Dudarev, T. Eisel, R. Ferragut, G. Ferrari, A. Fontana, P. Genova, M. Giammarchi, A. Gligorova, S. Gninenko, S. Haider, J. Hansen, F. Haug, S. Hogan, L. Jorgensen, T. Kaltenbacher, D. Krasnický, V. Lagomarsino, S. Mariazzi, V. Matveev, F. Merkt, F. Moia, G. Nebbia, P. Nédélec, T. Niinikoski, M. Oberthaler, D. Perini, V. Petráček, F. Prelz, M. Prevedelli, C. Regenfus, C. Riccardi, J. Rochet, O. Rohne, A. Rotondi, M. Sacerdoti, H. Sandaker, M. Špaček, J. Storey, G. Testera, A. Tokareva, D. Trezzi, R. Vaccarone, F. Villa, U. Warring, S. Zavatarelli, and A. Zenoni: The AEGIS experiment at CERN: Measuring the free fall of antihydrogen, Hyperfine Interactions 209, 43 (2012).
- R. Ferragut, A. Dupasquier, S. Brivio, R. Bertacco, and W. Egger: Study of defects in an electroresistive Au/La2/3Sr1/3MnO3/SrTiO3(001) heterostructure by positron annihilation, J. Appl. Phys. 110, 053511 (2011).
- R. Ferragut, A. Dupasquier, A. Calloni, G. Consolati, F. Quasso, M. P. Petkov, S. M. Jones, A. Galarneau, and F. Di Renzo: Homogeneous porous silica for positronium production in AEgIS, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 262, 012020 (2011).
- R. Ferragut, A. S. Belov, G. Bonomi, I. Boscolo, R. S. Brusa, V. M. Byakov, L. Cabaret, A. Calloni, C. Canali, C. Carraro, F. Castelli, S. Cialdi, D. Comparat, G. Consolati, L. Dassa, N. Djourelov, M. Doser, G. Drobychev, A. Dudarev, A. Dupasquier, G. Ferrari, A. Fischer, P. Folegati, A. Fontana, L. Formaro, M. G. Giammarchi, S. N. Gninenko, R. Heyne, S. D. Hogan, L. V. Jorgensen, A. Kellerbauer, D. Krasnicky, V. Lagomarsino, G. Manuzio, S. Mariazzi, V. A. Matveev, C. Morhard, G. Nebbia, P. Nedelec, M. K. Oberthaler, D. Perini, V. Petracek, F. Prelz, M. Prevedelli, I. Y. Al-Qaradawi, F. Quasso, C. Riccardi, O. Rohne, A. Rotondi, M. Sacerdoti, H. Sandaker, D. Sillou, S. V. Stepanov, H. H. Stroke, G. Testera, D. Trezzi, A. V. Turbabin, R. Vaccarone, F. Villa, U. Warring, S. Zavatarelli, A. Zenoni, and D. S. Zvezhinskij: Antihydrogen physics: gravitation and spectroscopy in AEgIS, Can. J. Phys. 89, 17 (2011).
- M. Doser, A. Y, C. Amsler, A. S. Belov, G. Bonomi, I. Boscolo, R. S. Brusa, V. M. Byakov, L. Cabaret, A. Calloni, C. Canali, C. Carraro, F. Castelli, S. Cialdi, D. Comparat, G. Consolati, L. Dassa, N. Djourelov, G. Drobychev, A. Dudarev, A. Dupasquier, R. Ferragut, G. Ferrari, A. Fischer, P. Folegati, A. Fontana, L. Formaro, M. G. Giammarchi, S. N. Gninenko, F. Haupert, R. Heyne, S. D. Hogan, L. W. Jorgensen, T. Kaltenbacher, A. Kellerbauer, D. Krasnicky, V. Lagomarsino, G. Manuzio, S. Mariazzi, V. A. Matveev, F. Merkt, C. Morhard, G. Nebbia, P. Nedelec, M. K. Oberthaler, D. Perini, V. Petracek, F. Prelz, M. Prevedelli, I. Y. Al-Qaradawi, F. Quasso, C. Regenfus, C. Riccardi, O. Rohne, A. Rotondi, M. Sacerdoti, H. Sandaker, D. Sillou, S. V. Stepanov, J. Storey, H. H. Stroke, G. Testera, D. Trezzi, A. V. Turbabin, R. Vaccarone, F. Villa, H. Walters, U. Warring, S. Zavatarelli, A. Zenoni, and D. S. Zvezhinskij: Measuring the fall of antihydrogen: the AEgIS experiment at CERN, Physics Procedia 17, 49 (2011).
- M. G. Giammarchi, A. S. Belov, G. Bonomi, I. Boscolo, R. S. Brusa, V. M. Byakov, L. Cabaret, A. Calloni, C. Canali, C. Carraro, F. Castelli, S. Cialdi, D. Comparat, G. Consolati, N. Djourelov, M. Doser, G. Drobychev, A. Dudarev, A. Dupasquier, D. Fabris, R. Ferragut, G. Ferrari, A. Fischer, P. Folegati, A. Fontana, M. Lunardon, M. G. Giammarchi, S. N. Gninenko, R. Heyne, S. D. Hogan, L. W. Jorgensen, A. Kellerbauer, D. Krasnicky, V. Lagomarsino, G. Manuzio, S. Mariazzi, V. A. Matveev, F. Merkt, S. Moretto, C. Morhard, G. Nebbia, P. Nedelec, M. K. Oberthaler, D. Perini, S. Pesente, V. Petracek, M. Prevedelli, I. Y. Al-Qaradawi, F. Quasso, C. Riccardi, O. Rohne, A. Rotondi, M. Sacerdoti, H. Sandaker, D. Sillou, S. V. Stepanov, H. H. Stroke, G. Testera, D. Trezzi, A. V. Turbanin, G. Viesti, F. Villa, H. Walters, U. Warring, S. Zavatarelli, A. Zenoni, and D. S. Zvezhinskij: AEGIS at CERN: Measuring antihydrogen fall.In V. A. Kostelecký (ed.), Proceedings of the Fifth Meeting on CPT and Lorentz Symmetry. World Scientific Publishing. Singapore (2011).
- C. Canali, A. S. Belov, G. Bonomi, I. Boscolo, N. Brambilla, J. Bremer, R. S. Brusa, V. M. Byakov, G. Burghart, L. Cabaret, C. Carraro, F. Castelli, S. Cialdi, D. Comparat, G. Consolati, L. Dassa, N. Djourelov, M. Doser, G. Drobychev, A. Dudarev, A. Dupasquier, T. Eisel, D. Fabris, R. Ferragut, G. Ferrari, A. Fischer, A. Fontana, P. Forget, M. Lunardon, A. Gervasini, M. G. Giammarchi, S. N. Gninenko, G. Gribakin, F. Haug, S. D. Hogan, L. V. Joergensen, A. Kellerbauer, T. Koettig, D. Krasnicky, V. Lagomarsino, G. Manuzio, S. Mariazzi, V. A. Matveev, F. Merkt, S. Moretto, G. Nebbia, P. Nedelec, M. K. Oberthaler, D. Perini, V. Petracek, M. Prevedelli, I. Y. Al-Qaradawi, F. Quasso, C. Riccardi, O. Rohne, S. Pesente, A. Rotondi, S. Stapnes, D. Sillou, S. Y. Stepanov, H. H. Stroke, D. Trezzi, A. Vairo, G. Viesti, F. Villa, H. Walters, U. Warring, S. Zavatarelli, A. Zenoni, and D. S. Zvezhinskij: The AEgIS experiment (antimatter experiment: Gravity, interferometry, spectroscopy).In Astroparticle, Particle and Space Physics, Detectors and Medical Physics Applications, 185--189 (2010).
- D. Fabrisa, A. S. Belov, G. Bonomi, I. Boscolo, N. Brambilla, R. S. Brusa, V. M. Byakov, L. Cabaret, C. Canali, C. Carraro, F. Castelli, S. Cialdi, D. Comparat, G. Consolati, L. Dassa, N. Djourelov, M. Doser, G. Drobychev, A. Dudarev, A. Dupasquier, R. Ferragut, G. Ferrari, A. Fischer, P. Folegati, A. Fontana, L. Formaro, M. Lunardon, A. Gervasini, M. G. Giammarchi, S. N. Gninenko, R. Heyne, S. D. Hogan, L. V. Jorgensen, A. Kellerbauer, D. Krasnicky, V. Lagomarsino, F. Leveraro, G. Manuzio, S. Mariazzi, V. A. Matveev, F. Merkt, S. Moretto, C. Morhard, G. Nebbia, P. Nedelec, M. K. Oberthaler, D. Perini, V. Petracek, M. Prevedelli, I. Y. Al-Qaradawi, F. Quasso, C. Riccardi, O. Rohne, S. Pesente, A. Rotondi, M. Spacek, S. Stapnes, D. Sillou, S. V. Stepanov, H. H. Stroke, G. Testera, G. Tino, D. Trezzi, A. V. Turbabin, R. Vaccarone, A. Vairo, G. Viesti, H. Walters, U. Warring, S. Zavatarelli, A. Zenoni, and D. S. Zvezhinskij: The AEGIS detection system for gravity measurements, Nucl. Phys. A 834, 751c (2010).
- R. Ferragut, A. Calloni, A. Dupasquier, and G. Isella: Defect characterization in SiGe/SOI epitaxial semiconductors by positron annihilation, Nanoscale Res. Lett. 5, 1942 (2010).
- R. Ferragut, A. Calloni, A. Dupasquier, G. Consolati, F. Quasso, M. G. Giammarchi, D. Trezzi, W. Egger, L. Ravelli, M. P. Petkov, S. M. Jones, B. Wang, O. M. Yaghi, B. Jasinska, N. Chiodini, and A. Paleari: Positronium formation in porous materials for antihydrogen production, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 225, 012007 (2010).
- F. Moia, R. Ferragut, A. Calloni, A. Dupasquier, C. E. Macchi, A. Somoza, and J. F. Nie: Vacancy-solute association during ageing of a cold worked Mg-RE alloy, Philos. Mag. 90, 2135 (2010).
- R. Ferragut, F. Moia, F. Fiori, D. Lussana, and G. Riontino: Small-angle X-ray scattering study of the early stages of precipitation in a Mg--Nd--Gd (EV31) alloy, J. Alloy. Compd. 495, 408 (2010).
- R. Ferragut, P. V. Liddicoat, X.-Z. Liao, Y.-H. Zhao, E. J. Lavernia, R. Z. Valiev, A. Dupasquier, and S. P. Ringer: Chemistry of grain boundary environments in nanocrystalline Al 7075, J. Alloy. Compd. 495, 391 (2010).
- R. K. W. Marceau, G. Sha, R. Ferragut, A. Dupasquier, and S. P. Ringer: Solute clustering in Al--Cu--Mg alloys during the early stages of elevated temperature ageing, Acta Mater. 58, 4923 (2010).
- A. Calloni, R. Ferragut, F. Moia, A. Dupasquier, G. Isella, D. Marongiu, G. Norga, A. Federov, and D. Chrastina: Positron annihilation studies of defects in Si1-xGex/SOI heterostructures, phys. stat. sol. (c) 6, 2304 (2009).
- R. Ferragut, A. Dupasquier, C. E. Macchi, A. Somoza, R. N. Lumley, and I. J. Polmear: Vacancy--solute interactions during multiple-step ageing of an Al--Cu--Mg--Ag alloy, Scripta Mater. 60, 137 (2009).
- A. Tolley, R. Ferragut, and A. Somoza: Microstructural characterisation of a commercial Al-Cu-Mg alloy combining transmission electron microscopy and positron annihilation spectroscopy, Philos. Mag. A 89, 1095 (2009).
- F. Moia, A. Calloni, R. Ferragut, A. Dupasquier, C. E. Macchi, A. Somoza, and J. F. Nie: Vacancy--solute interaction in magnesium alloy WE54 during artificial ageing: a positron annihilation spectroscopy study, Int. J. Mater. Res. 100, 378 (2009).
- C. Macchi, A. Somoza, R. Ferragut, A. Dupasquier, and I. J. Polmear: Ageing processes in Al-Cu-Mg alloys with different Cu/Mg ratios, phys. stat. sol. (c) 6, 2322 (2009).
- A. Somoza, A. Dupasquier, and R. Ferragut: Advances in positron studies of age hardening in light alloys, phys. stat. sol. (c) 6, 2295 (2009).
- G. Bonomi, A. S. Belov, I. Boscolo, N. Brambilla, R. S. Brusa, V. M. Byakov, L. Cabaret, C. Canali, C. Carraro, F. Castelli, S. Cialdi, M. de Combarieu, D. Comparat, G. Consolati, N. Djourelov, M. Doser, G. Drobychev, A. Dupasquier, D. Fabris, R. Ferragut, G. Ferrari, A. Fischer, A. Fontana, P. Forget, L. Formaro, M. G. Giammarchi, M. Lunardon, A. Gervasini, S. N. Gninenko, G. Gribakin, R. Heyne, A. Kellerbauer, D. Krasnicky, V. Lagomarsino, G. Manuzio, S. Mariazzi, V. A. Matveev, S. Moretto, C. Morhard, G. Nebbia, P. Nedelec, M. K. Oberthaler, P. Pari, V. Petracek, M. Prevedelli, I. Y. Al-Qaradawi, F. Quasso, O. Rohne, S. Pesente, A. Rotondi, S. Stapnes, D. Sillou, S. V. Stepanov, H. H. Stroke, G. Testera, G. M. Tino, A. Vairo, G. Viesti, F. Villa, H. Walters, U. Warring, S. Zavatarelli, A. Zenoni, and D. S. Zvezhinskij: Measuring the antihydrogen fall, Hyperfine Interact. 193, 297 (2009).
- M. G. Giammarchi, A. S. Belov, G. Bonomi, I. Boscolo, N. Brambilla, R. S. Brusa, V. M. Byakov, L. Cabaret, C. Canali, C. Carraro, F. Castelli, S. Cialdi, M. de Combarieu, D. Comparat, G. Consolati, N. Djourelov, M. Doser, G. Drobychev, A. Dupasquier, D. Fabris, R. Ferragut, G. Ferrari, A. Fischer, A. Fontana, P. Forget, L. Formaro, M. Lunardon, A. Gervasini, S. N. Gninenko, G. Gribakin, R. Heyne, A. Kellerbauer, D. Krasnicky, V. Lagomarsino, G. Manuzio, S. Mariazzi, V. A. Matveev, S. Moretto, C. Morhard, G. Nebbia, P. Nedelec, M. K. Oberthaler, P. Pari, V. Petracek, M. Prevedelli, I. Y. Al-Qaradawi, F. Quasso, O. Rohne, S. Pesente, A. Rotondi, S. Stapnes, D. Sillou, S. V. Stepanov, H. H. Stroke, G. Testera, G. M. Tino, A. Vairo, G. Viesti, F. Villa, H. Walters, U. Warring, S. Zavatarelli, A. Zenoni, and D. S. Zvezhinskij: Efficient Rydberg positronium laser excitation for antihydrogen production in a magnetic field, Hyperfine Interact. 193, 321 (2009).
- A. Dupasquier, R. Ferragut, P. Liddicoat, F. Moia, and S. P. Ringer: Positron lifetime evolution during room temperature ageing in Al-Zn-Mg-(Cu), phys. stat. sol. (c) 6, 2301 (2009).
- G. Riontino, M. Massazza, D. Lussana, P. Mengucci, G. Barucca, and R. Ferragut: A novel thermal treatment on a Mg--4.2Y--2.3Nd--0.6Zr (WE43) alloy, Mat. Sci. Eng. A 494, 445 (2008).
- G. Riontino, D. Lussana, M. Massazza, G. Barucca, P. Mengucci, and R. Ferragut: Structure evolution of EV31 Mg alloy, J. Alloy. Compd. 463, 200 (2008).
- P. Mengucci, G. Barucca, G. Riontino, D. Lussana, M. Massazza, R. Ferragut, and E. Hassan Aly: Structure evolution of a WE43 Mg alloy submitted to different thermal treatments, Mat. Sci. Eng. A 479, 37 (2008).
- G. Testera, A. S. Belov, G. Bonomi, I. Boscolo, N. Brambilla, R. S. Brusa, V. M. Byakov, L. Cabaret, C. Canali, C. Carraro, F. Castelli, S. Cialdi, M. de Combarieu, D. Comparat, G. Consolati, N. Djourelov, M. Doser, G. Drobychev, A. Dupasquier, D. Fabris, R. Ferragut, G. Ferrari, A. Fischer, A. Fontana, P. Forget, L. Formaro, M. Lunardon, A. Gervasini, M. G. Giammarchi, S. N. Gninenko, G. Gribakin, R. Heyne, S. D. Hogan, A. Kellerbauer, D. Krasnicky, V. Lagomarsino, G. Manuzio, S. Mariazzi, V. A. Matveev, F. Merkt, S. Moretto, C. Morhard, G. Nebbia, P. Nedelec, M. K. Oberthaler, P. Pari, V. Petracek, M. Prevedelli, I. Y. Al-Qaradawi, F. Quasso, O. Rohne, S. Pesente, A. Rotondi, S. Stapnes, D. Sillou, S. V. Stepanov, H. H. Stroke, G. Tino, A. Vairo, G. Viesti, H. Walters, U. Warring, S. Zavatarelli, A. Zenoni, and D. S. Zvezhinskij: Formation of a cold antihydrogen beam in AEGIS for gravity measurements, AIP Conf. Proc. 1037, 5 (2007).
- A. Kellerbauer, M. Amoretti, A. S. Belov, G. Bonomi, I. Boscolo, R. S. Brusa, M. Büchner, V. M. Byakov, L. Cabaret, C. Canali, C. Carraro, F. Castelli, S. Cialdi, M. de Combarieu, D. Comparat, G. Consolati, N. Djourelov, M. Doser, G. Drobychev, A. Dupasquier, G. Ferrari, P. Forget, L. Formaro, A. Gervasini, M. G. Giammarchi, S. N. Gninenko, G. Gribakin, S. D. Hogan, M. Jacquey, V. Lagomarsino, G. Manuzio, S. Mariazzi, V. A. Matveev, J. O. Meier, F. Merkt, P. Nedelec, M. K. Oberthaler, P. Pari, M. Prevedelli, F. Quasso, A. Rotondi, D. Sillou, S. V. Stepanov, H. H. Stroke, G. Testera, G. M. Tino, G. Trénec, A. Vairo, J. Vigué, H. Walters, U. Warring, S. Zavatarelli, and D. S. Zvezhinskij: Proposed antimatter gravity measurement with an antihydrogen beam, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Rev. B 266, 351 (2008).
- R. S. Brusa, S. Mariazzi, G. Consolati, A. Dupasquier, F. Quasso, and M. G. Giammarchi: Production of cold positronium atoms, Acta Phys. Pol. A 113, 1301 (2008).
- A. Dupasquier, R. Ferragut, M. M. Iglesias, M. Massazza, G. Riontino, P. Mengucci, G. Barucca, C. E. Macchi, and A. Somoza: Hardening nanostructures in an AlZnMg alloy, Philos. Mag. A 87, 3297 (2007).
- P. Folegati, I. Makkonen, R. Ferragut, and M. J. Puska: Analysis of electron-positron momentum spectra of metallic alloys as supported by first-principles calculations, Phys. Rev. B 75, 054201 (2007).
- A. Dupasquier, R. Ferragut, M. M. Iglesias, and F. Quasso: Vacancy-solute association in coherent nanostructures formed in a commercial Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy, phys. stat. sol. (c) 4, 3526 (2007).
- P. Folegati, A. Dupasquier, R. Ferragut, M. M. Iglesias, I. Makkonen, and M. J. Puska: Quantitative chemical analysis of vacancy-solute complexes in metallic solid solutions by coincidence Doppler broadening spectroscopy, phys. stat. sol. (c) 4, 3493 (2007).
- A. Somoza, C. E. Macchi, R. N. Lumley, I. J. Polmear, A. Dupasquier, and R. Ferragut: Role of vacancies during creep and secondary precipitation in an underaged Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy, phys. stat. sol. (c) 4, 3473 (2007).
- M. Massazza, G. Riontino, D. Lussana, A. Iozzia, P. Mengucci, G. Barucca, A. Di Cristoforo, R. Ferragut, and R. Doglione: Structural evolution on thermal treatments of EV31 alloy.In K. U. Kainer (ed.), Magnesium: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Magnesium Alloys and Their Applications. Wiley (2006).
- A. Tolley, R. Ferragut, and A. Somoza: Study of the nanostructures formed in 2024 alloy during thermomechanical treatments, Mater. Sci. Forum 519--521, 489 (2006).
- R. Ferragut, A. Dupasquier, M. M. Iglesias, C. E. Macchi, A. Somoza, and I. J. Polmear: Vacancy-solute aggregates in Al-Zn-Mg-(Cu, Ag), Mater. Sci. Forum 519--521, 309 (2006).
- R. K. W. Marceau, R. Ferragut, A. Dupasquier, M. M. Iglesias, and S. P. Ringer: Vacancy-solute interactions in Al-Cu-Mg, Mater. Sci. Forum 519--521, 197 (2006).
- C. Macchi, S. Mariazzi, G. P. Karwasz, R. S. Brusa, P. Folegati, S. Frabboni, and G. Ottaviani: Single-crystal silicon coimplanted by helium and hydrogen: Evolution of decorated vacancylike defects with thermal treatments, Phys. Rev. B 74, 174120 (2006).
- A. Calloni, A. Dupasquier, R. Ferragut, P. Folegati, M. M. Iglesias, I. Makkonen, and M. J. Puska: Positron localization effects on the Doppler broadening of the annihilation line: Aluminum as a case study, Phys. Rev. B 72, 054112 (2005).
- R. Ferragut: Defects associated with nanostructures in AlZnMg and AlCu(Mg) alloys, Acta Phys. Pol. A 107, 776 (2005).
- R. S. Brusa, G. P. Karwasz, G. Mariotto, A. Zecca, R. Ferragut, P. Folegati, A. Dupasquier, G. Ottaviani, and R. Tonini: Structural evolution in Ar+ implanted Si-rich silicon oxide, J. Appl. Phys. 94, 7483 (2003).
Useful links
- Positronannihilation.net for a brief but exhaustive tutorial on positron techniques.
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